Zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ulusi wa kuwala zimatha kuyamwa mphamvu ya kuwala. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili mu ulusi wa kuwala titatha kuyamwa mphamvu ya kuwala, timayamwa ndi kutentha, ndipo timataya mphamvuyo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuyamwa kutayike.Nkhaniyi ifotokoza momwe zinthu zopangira ulusi wa kuwala zimatayikira.
Tikudziwa kuti zinthu zimapangidwa ndi ma atomu ndi mamolekyu, ndipo ma atomu amapangidwa ndi ma atomu ndi ma elekitironi akunja kwa nyukiliya, omwe amazungulira nucleus ya atomu mu orbit inayake. Izi zili ngati Dziko lapansi lomwe timakhalamo, komanso mapulaneti monga Venus ndi Mars, onse amazungulira Dzuwa. Elekitironi iliyonse ili ndi mphamvu inayake ndipo ili mu orbit inayake, kapena mwanjira ina, orbit iliyonse ili ndi mphamvu inayake.
Mphamvu ya orbital yomwe ili pafupi ndi atomu ndi yotsika, pomwe mphamvu ya orbital yomwe ili kutali ndi atomu ndi yokwera.Kukula kwa kusiyana kwa mphamvu pakati pa ma orbit kumatchedwa kusiyana kwa mphamvu. Pamene ma elekitironi akusintha kuchoka pa mphamvu yochepa kupita pa mphamvu yayikulu, amafunika kuyamwa mphamvu pa kusiyana kofanana kwa mphamvu.
Mu ulusi wa kuwala, pamene ma elekitironi pamlingo winawake wa mphamvu amawotchedwa ndi kuwala kwa kutalika kwa nthawi kofanana ndi kusiyana kwa mphamvu, ma elekitironi omwe ali pa ma orbital opanda mphamvu zambiri amasanduka ma orbital okhala ndi mphamvu zambiri.Elektroni iyi imatenga mphamvu ya kuwala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuwala kutayike.
Zipangizo zoyambira zopangira ulusi wa kuwala, silicon dioxide (SiO2), yokha imatenga kuwala, chimodzi chimatchedwa ultraviolet absorption ndi china chimatchedwa infrared absorption. Pakadali pano, kulumikizana kwa fiber optic nthawi zambiri kumagwira ntchito pamlingo wa wavelength wa 0.8-1.6 μ m, kotero tikambirana za kutayika komwe kumachitika m'derali.
Chiwopsezo cha kuyamwa chomwe chimapangidwa ndi kusintha kwa magetsi mu galasi la quartz chili pafupifupi 0.1-0.2 μ m kutalika kwa mafunde m'dera la ultraviolet. Pamene kutalika kwa mafunde kukuwonjezeka, kuyamwa kwake kumachepa pang'onopang'ono, koma malo okhudzidwawo ndi otakata, kufika pa mafunde opitilira 1 μ m. Komabe, kuyamwa kwa UV sikukhudza kwambiri ulusi wa quartz womwe umagwira ntchito m'dera la infrared. Mwachitsanzo, m'dera lowala looneka pa mafunde opitilira 0.6 μ m, kuyamwa kwa ultraviolet kumatha kufika 1dB/km, komwe kumachepa kufika pa 0.2-0.3dB/km pa mafunde opitilira 0.8 μ m, ndipo pafupifupi 0.1dB/km kokha pa mafunde opitilira 1.2 μ m.
Kutayika kwa infrared kwa ulusi wa quartz kumachitika chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwa mamolekyu a zinthu zomwe zili m'dera la infrared. Pali ma vibration absorption peaks angapo mu frequency band pamwamba pa 2 μ m. Chifukwa cha mphamvu ya zinthu zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsa ntchito doping mu ulusi wa optical, sizingatheke kuti ulusi wa quartz ukhale ndi zenera lotsika la kutayika mu frequency band pamwamba pa 2 μ m. Kutayika kwa malire a theoretical pa wavelength ya 1.85 μ m ndi ldB/km.Kudzera mu kafukufuku, zinapezekanso kuti pali "mamolekyu ena owononga" omwe amayambitsa mavuto mu galasi la quartz, makamaka zinyalala zowononga zachitsulo monga mkuwa, chitsulo, chromium, manganese, ndi zina zotero. "Oipa awa" amayamwa mphamvu ya kuwala monyanyira pansi pa kuunika kwa kuwala, kulumpha ndi kulumpha mozungulira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu ya kuwala itayike. Kuchotsa "oyambitsa mavuto" ndi kuyeretsa ndi mankhwala zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ulusi wa kuwala kungachepetse kwambiri kutayika.
Gwero lina la kuyamwa kwa quartz optical fibers ndi gawo la hydroxide (OH -). Zapezeka kuti hydroxide ili ndi ma peak atatu a kuyamwa mu gulu logwira ntchito la ulusi, omwe ndi 0.95 μ m, 1.24 μ m, ndi 1.38 μ m. Pakati pawo, kutayika kwa kuyamwa pa kutalika kwa 1.38 μ m ndiko koopsa kwambiri ndipo kumakhudza kwambiri ulusi. Pa kutalika kwa 1.38 μ m, kutayika kwa pachimake cha kuyamwa komwe kumapangidwa ndi ma hydroxide ions okhala ndi 0.0001 yokha ndi okwera kufika pa 33dB/km.
Kodi ma ayoni a hydroxide awa amachokera kuti? Pali magwero ambiri a ma ayoni a hydroxide. Choyamba, zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ulusi wa optical zimakhala ndi chinyezi ndi ma hydroxide compounds, omwe ndi ovuta kuchotsa panthawi yoyeretsa zinthu zopangira ndipo pamapeto pake amakhalabe ngati ma ayoni a hydroxide mu ulusi wa optical; Kachiwiri, ma hydrogen ndi okosijeni omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ulusi wa optical amakhala ndi chinyezi chochepa; Kachitatu, madzi amapangidwa panthawi yopanga ulusi wa optical chifukwa cha zochita za mankhwala; Chachinayi ndi chakuti kulowa kwa mpweya wakunja kumabweretsa nthunzi ya madzi. Komabe, njira yopangira tsopano yakula kwambiri, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ma ayoni a hydroxide kwachepetsedwa kufika pamlingo wotsika kwambiri kotero kuti mphamvu yake pa ulusi wa optical ikhoza kunyalanyazidwa.
Nthawi yotumizira: Okutobala-23-2025